Debye-Hückel Calculator

Calculate Electrolyte Solution Properties

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Ionic Strength Calculator

Calculate ionic strength from ion concentrations and charges.

Ionic Strength: - M

Debye-Hückel Limiting Law Calculator

Calculate activity coefficient using the Debye-Hückel limiting law.

Activity Coefficient: -

Extended Debye-Hückel Calculator

Calculate activity coefficient using the extended Debye-Hückel equation.

Activity Coefficient: -

Understanding Debye-Hückel Theory

Debye-Hückel Theory

Key concepts of the theory:

  • Describes ion-ion interactions
  • Based on ionic atmosphere model
  • Valid for dilute solutions
  • Accounts for electrostatic forces

Ionic Strength

Important solution property that:

  • Measures total ionic concentration
  • Accounts for ion charge
  • Affects solution properties
  • Key parameter in activity calculations

Extended Theory

Improvements over limiting law:

  • Includes ion size effects
  • Better for higher concentrations
  • More accurate predictions
  • Wider application range

Applications

Theory is important for:

  • Electrolyte solutions
  • Buffer calculations
  • Solubility predictions
  • Chemical equilibrium
  • Biochemical systems

Essential Debye-Hückel Formulas

Ionic Strength

I = ½Σ(cᵢzᵢ²)

Where cᵢ is concentration and zᵢ is charge

Limiting Law

log₁₀γ± = -A|z₊z₋|√I

A is the Debye-Hückel constant

Extended Equation

log₁₀γ± = -A|z₊z₋|√I/(1 + Ba√I)

B is related to ion size parameter a