What is the Hydrogen Spectrum?
The hydrogen spectrum is the characteristic pattern of electromagnetic radiation emitted by hydrogen atoms when electrons transition between energy levels. It was crucial in developing our understanding of atomic structure and quantum mechanics.
Spectral Series
Major spectral series in hydrogen:
- Lyman Series (UV): Transitions to n=1
- Balmer Series (Visible): Transitions to n=2
- Paschen Series (IR): Transitions to n=3
- Brackett Series (IR): Transitions to n=4
- Pfund Series (Far IR): Transitions to n=5
Historical Significance
Key developments in spectroscopy:
- 1885: Balmer discovers his formula
- 1888: Rydberg generalizes spectral lines
- 1913: Bohr explains spectrum theoretically
- 1916: Sommerfeld adds fine structure
- 1926: Schrödinger provides quantum explanation
Applications
Hydrogen spectroscopy is used in:
- Astronomical spectroscopy
- Plasma diagnostics
- Material analysis
- Quantum optics
- Chemical analysis