What is Internal Energy?
Internal energy (U) is the total energy contained within a system, including:
- Kinetic energy of molecules
- Potential energy of molecular interactions
- Chemical bond energy
- Nuclear energy
Calculate Changes in Thermodynamic Energy
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Calculate internal energy change using heat and work.
Calculate internal energy change for an ideal gas using temperature change.
Calculate internal energy change during phase transitions.
Internal energy (U) is the total energy contained within a system, including:
The First Law relates internal energy change to heat and work:
For ideal gases:
During phase transitions:
ΔU = Q - W
Where Q is heat added and W is work done by system
ΔU = nCvΔT
Where n is moles, Cv is heat capacity, ΔT is temperature change
ΔU = mL
Where m is mass and L is latent heat