Ionic Product of Water (Kw) Calculator

Precise Water Equilibrium Analysis

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Temperature Effect on Kw

Calculate Kw at different temperatures.

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Ion Concentration Calculator

Calculate [H⁺] and [OH⁻] from pH or pOH.

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Water Equilibrium Calculator

Calculate equilibrium constants and concentrations.

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Understanding Water Dissociation

Basic Principles

Key concepts include:

  • Auto-ionization
  • Temperature effects
  • pH and pOH
  • Ion product
  • Equilibrium constants

Temperature Effects

Important factors:

  • General Trends:
    • Kw increases with temperature
    • Endothermic process
  • Neutral pH:
    • Changes with temperature
    • Not always 7.0

pH Scale

Key relationships:

  • Logarithmic scale
  • pH + pOH = pKw
  • Concentration relationships
  • Buffer systems
  • Activity effects

Applications

Common uses include:

  • Buffer preparation
  • pH measurement
  • Water analysis
  • Chemical processes
  • Biological systems

Essential Water Equilibrium Formulas

Ionic Product

Kw = [H⁺][OH⁻]

pKw = pH + pOH

pH = -log[H⁺]

pOH = -log[OH⁻]

Temperature Effect

ln(Kw) = A - B/T

Where:

A, B = Constants

T = Temperature (K)

Equilibrium

H₂O ⇌ H⁺ + OH⁻

ΔG° = -RT ln(Kw)

Neutral pH = pKw/2