Multiplicity Calculator

Calculate Spin States and Electron Configurations

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Spin Multiplicity Calculator

Calculate multiplicity from unpaired electrons or total spin.

Multiplicity: -

Term Symbol Generator

Generate spectroscopic term symbols for electron configurations.

Term Symbols: -

Understanding Multiplicity

What is Multiplicity?

Spin multiplicity is a quantum mechanical concept that describes the number of possible orientations of the total electron spin in an atom or molecule. It is given by the formula 2S + 1, where S is the total spin angular momentum.

Common Terms

Important multiplicity terms:

  • Singlet: All electrons paired (M = 1)
  • Doublet: One unpaired electron (M = 2)
  • Triplet: Two unpaired electrons (M = 3)
  • Quartet: Three unpaired electrons (M = 4)
  • Quintet: Four unpaired electrons (M = 5)

Applications

Multiplicity is important in:

  • Spectroscopy
  • Magnetic properties
  • Chemical reactivity
  • Photochemistry
  • Molecular orbital theory

Term Symbols

Components of term symbols:

  • Spin (S): Total spin angular momentum
  • Orbital (L): Total orbital angular momentum
  • Total (J): Total angular momentum
  • Notation: ²ˢ⁺¹L_J

Essential Multiplicity Rules

Multiplicity Formula

M = 2S + 1

Total Spin

S = n/2 (n = unpaired electrons)

Angular Momentum

J = |L ± S|