Basic Principles
Key concepts include:
- Multiple dissociation steps
- Successive equilibria
- Buffer regions
- Species distribution
- pH curves
Advanced Titration Analysis
ChemistryCalculatorHub.info
Calculate pH at multiple equivalence points for polyprotic acids.
Calculate buffer regions and capacities for polyprotic systems.
Calculate distribution of species at any pH.
Key concepts include:
Important features:
Common uses:
Additional topics:
Ka₁ = [H⁺][HA⁻]/[H₂A]
Ka₂ = [H⁺][A²⁻]/[HA⁻]
Ka₃ = [H⁺][A³⁻]/[A²⁻]
α₀ = [H⁺]²/D
α₁ = Ka₁[H⁺]/D
α₂ = Ka₁Ka₂/D
D = [H⁺]² + Ka₁[H⁺] + Ka₁Ka₂
β = 2.303([H⁺] + ΣKaᵢ[H⁺]ⁱ⁻¹/D)
Where:
D = Denominator term
i = Number of dissociations